The problem in 1962 also began with Indian troops trying to improve their positions in the disputed territories: the so-called Forward Policy. Mao Zedong’s government decided to drive the Indian Army out of all the land under dispute, and then, after the Indians had been “taught a lesson,” to declare a unilateral ceasefire and pull all China’s troops back to their original positions. It was a major military operation, with 700 Chinese and over 3,000 Indian soldiers killed or missing. But Mao predicted that it “will guarantee at least 30 years of peace” along the frontier, and that’s just what it did.

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