The Tallinn Manual, the first attempt to lay down international ground rules for cyberwar, was published this week under the direction of NATO’s think tank, the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence. Written by more than 40 academics, lawyers, and experts from NATO countries, the 282-page manual defines under which conditions a country can respond to a hack attack with military force; which targets are off limits (schools, hospitals, and UN staff, for example); and guidance on proportionate response to digital attacks carried out by non-state entities. It also warns that cyberwar combatants can be tried for cyberwar crimes.

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